Strange and frightening exercise machines of the Victorian era

It's hard to imagine that these bulky Victorian-era machines, most resembling instruments for sophisticated torture, were used for training in gyms. Nevertheless, all these are really prototypes of modern sports simulators.

1. Simulator simulating horse racing.

2. Hand trainer.

3. A device for side exercises.

4. A simulator for straightening posture.

5. Tummy massager.

6. Hand trainer.

7. Back massager.

8. The simulator for the feet.

9. Stretching simulator.

10. Hand trainer.

11. And two more simulators of an unclear purpose.