Eunuchs of the Sultan's court: a brilliant career in exchange for male happiness
In the Middle Ages in the countries of the East, a slave, demonstrating wisdom and loyalty to the ruler, could become one of the most powerful people in the country. But with one caveat - he had to part with his manhood by becoming a eunuch. The history of the Ottoman Empire knows many cases when a court castrate received a high position and received the right to decide the fate and give advice to the Ruler of the world himself - the sultan.
The mother of the gods Cybele (left). She was depicted accompanied by lions
It is difficult to say when the rulers first came up with the idea of castrating their subjects, but Assyrian sources claim that 4 thousand years ago the rulers ordered to castrate government officials so that they would not think about seizing power and creating their own dynasty.
Later in Assyria, men began to have their genitals removed for ritual purposes. The priests of the goddess of fertility Ku-Baba sacrificed their manhood at the altar so that the deity would give people a bountiful harvest and protect crops from drought and locusts.
Scientists suggest that over time, the worship of Ku-Baba turned into the worship of the Mother of the gods Cybele. The functions and even the names of these ladies are too similar to be a mere coincidence. After the war with Carthage, the cult of Cybele migrated to Rome and became very popular there.
Ruins of the Temple of Cybele on the Palatine Hill, Rome
The priests of the Mother of the Gods were castrati, so only foreigners served in the temples of Cybele — the Romans had a cult of male power and castration of citizens and even slaves was strictly prohibited. After the fall of Rome under the onslaught of the barbarians, Constantinople became the new capital of the empire. In the new Roman state, castrati were treated very favorably — the Scopians ceased to be only priests and they began to be appointed to official positions at the court of the emperor.
In 1453 , the Ottomans captured Byzantium and Constantinople became the capital of their empire. The Sultan called himself the Ruler of the world, which, given his possessions, was very close to the truth. The ruler of the Ottoman Empire received gifts and offerings from the governors of his possessions and, among other things, eunuchs from Egypt got into his palace.
There were several types of castration. At first, men were deprived only of testicles and this was the case until the middle of the 15th century. But then one day Sultan Mehmed II noticed how the gelding was covering the mare, after which the ruler ordered to accept only castrates with removed testicles and penis into the harem.
Castration. An illustration from the Persian handbook of surgery of the 15th century
Usually the operation was performed on boys before puberty and for some reason the ideal age was considered to be 8 years old. The victim was tied to a special table, his genitals were tied with a string and cut off with a razor-sharp blade. To stop the blood and avoid infection, the wound was filled with resin or cauterized with hot metal. A bamboo tube was inserted into the urethra to facilitate the administration of natural necessities.
After that, the child was buried up to his neck in hot sand for several days so that he could not touch the wound and interfere with its healing. The pain haunted the castrated for several months, and the percentage of deaths from complications was very high. Children died during surgery from pain shock and due to blood loss, and some time after castration - from infections.
Those who survived grew and at the same time gradually changed. Due to the lack of male hormones, eunuchs talked in thin, sometimes squeaky voices, acquired feminine facial features and a special type of figure with wide hips and narrow shoulders. In addition, eunuchs suffered from urinary incontinence all their lives due to the fact that they had no penis.
Having survived the painful operation and subsequent physical and moral suffering, eunuchs received privileges that in ancient times could partially compensate for the damage from castration. They gained access to the "social elevator" and, having intelligence and ambition, could quickly make a good career at court.
Most often, eunuchs began their service as guards, and then were transferred to the category of servants or overseers. All this time they lived in cramped and overcrowded barracks, but often such conditions were much better than those from which they came to court. Many of the eunuchs rose to the level of high officials and acquired their own luxurious residences.
There were also those who, having served the sultan for many years, faithfully received a pension and retired. Such castrati often got married and their position in society and wealth compensated the spouses for the lack of normal love joys. The sexual life of the castrati was limited, but it existed! These people were credited with incredible virtuosity in oral caresses and the use of "adult" toys, which is why in the 17th century eunuchs were even forbidden to live together with women whom they took care of.
It must be said that some of the eunuchs who were castrated after puberty retained their masculine nature and continued to be attracted to women. One of these servants of the harem wrote in his memoirs the following:
It is worth mentioning such an important aspect as the attitude of religion to castration. The Prophet forbade Muslims to castrate people, so for many centuries the business of supplying eunuchs was a privilege of Christians. For the first hundred years of the Ottoman Empire, all eunuchs at the sultan's court were exclusively white and ended up in Istanbul as spoils of war or a fine for non-payment of tax.
In the Balkans and the Caucasus conquered by the Ottomans, a jizya was levied from every house — a tax on gentiles. If a Christian family was unable to pay the required amount, the tax collectors could take the children from the family. Over time, the empire grew richer, the demands for luxury grew and the demand for emasculated servants increased.
In the second half of the 15th century, the sultan's harem was served by 20 castrated servants and guards, and at the beginning of the 16th — twice as many. In the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, the number of eunuchs at the court reached 600-800 people!
The Sultan and his court
Sultan Murad III, who ruled the empire in the 16th century, was the first to introduce the fashion for black eunuchs. Most often, slaves were captured or bought in Sudan, and then transported to the Orthodox Coptic monasteries of Egypt and Abyssinia. There the monks castrated the unfortunate and then the "live goods" got to the slave market of Istanbul or directly to the customer.
An African devoid of genitals was a valuable commodity and was worth more than a beautiful white girl. Over time, black eunuchs became the majority at the sultan's court, and whites were banned from entering the premises where women were. Also, African castrati served the sultan himself in his apartments and guarded his peace and life.
The head of the African castrati was called kizlyar-agha and, in fact, he was the chief manager over all the staff of the sultan's harem and palace. If we talk about the importance of this person, he was the fourth person in the empire after the Sultan, Grand Vizier and mufti.
The influence of kizlyar-aga at the court was based on connections with the harem and especially on cooperation with Valide, the sultan's mother. This woman was a powerful force and in the 16th and 17th centuries even determined the foreign policy of the state. The so-called period of the Female Sultanate in the Ottoman Empire began with the Ukrainian Hurrem-Roksolana, the wife of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
Kizlyar-yeah. An engraving of the 19th century
Kizlyar-agha was the only person who had direct access to the harem, the valida and personally to the sultan. He ensured the transfer of information between them and knew about everything that was happening at court and in the state. Such a knowledgeable person was an important source of information, so foreign ambassadors preferred to be friends with Kizlyar-aga and shower him with offerings.
The chief eunuch of the empire also managed the waqfs - property and lands donated by donors to mosques. These funds provided funding for the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Kizlyar-ana also managed the waqfs of the sultan's wives and many courtiers. It is known that after the death of Akhmet I's wife, the Greek Vasilika, the city of Athens belonging to her passed to the vakuf and kizlyar-agha began to rule it.
Each month, the management of funds brought the chief eunuch up to 20 thousand kurush, which is about $ 1.5 million (109 million rubles) for modern money. Kizlyar-agha was the center of corruption of the Ottoman Empire — bribes, "laundered money" and numerous kickbacks passed through it.
But kizlyar-aga was not always from the Black continent. History has preserved for us the name of Gazanfer— a white eunuch born in Venice. As a child, he and his parents were captured by Algerian pirates. His mother and sister were redeemed, and Gazanfer and his brother Jafer got to the slave market in Istanbul.
There the boys were bought for service in the palace, after which they were assigned to study at the palace school. At the court , the guys made friends with Selim , the son of Suleiman the Magnificent and Roksolany. But even the heir could not help the guys to make a career, since the path to power and wealth for foreigners lay only through castration.
Therefore, already as adult men, the brothers decided on castration. After becoming a eunuch, Gazanfer became a servant of Nurban, the future wife of Sultan Selim. Nurbanu and Gazanfer were fellow countrymen — the girl's father ruled the Greek island of Paros, which was under the rule of Venice.
When Selim became sultan, Gazanfer was appointed kapy-agasy, the senior white eunuch, and his brother Jafer learned the position of khaz-odabashi, the administrator of the sultan's residence. But Selim was not destined to rule the empire for a long time — he had an unhealthy addiction to alcohol and soon died. Murad, Nurbanu's son, took the throne.
Becoming a valide, the woman concentrated power in her hands, skillfully scheming against the Grand Vizier and maintaining contacts with many European monarchs through correspondence. Nurban contributed to the appointment of Gazanfer to the post of khaz-odabashi after Jafer decided to retire.
The Venetian eunuch gained enormous power at court, managing the palace and an army of eunuchs. For the first time, one person had such opportunities and he managed to take advantage of them. Thanks to his prudence, Gazanfer became an adviser to Sultan Murad III, and after his death Mehmed III.
Gazanfer Tomb in Istanbul
The Sultan went to meet the petitioners and executed his faithful servant and adviser to calm the unrest. The influential eunuch was buried in a luxurious tomb, and with the money bequeathed to him, a spiritual school was built near the burial. After the death of Gazanfer, Mehmed III also passed away, struck down by a serious illness. Power passed to his son Ahmed, who elevated another Bosnian eunuch, Haji Mustafa.
Mustafa was white, but after castration he lived and studied in Yemen and Egypt for a long time. The black eunuchs considered him their own, which allowed the European to become the first Kizlyar-aga in history. Having become a great man, Haji Mustafa became famous as a patron of poets, architects, scientists and, in general, people with progressive views. He helped Ahmed I realize his dream — to build a majestic Blue Mosque, which became one of the symbols of Istanbul.
In 1617, Ahmed I died suddenly from typhus raging in the capital. Haji Mustafa, using his influence and intrigues, helped for the first time in the history of the Ottoman state to transfer power not to the sultan's son, but to his brother. But Mustafa I suffered from a mental illness and a few months later an influential eunuch convinced the muftis to recognize him as incapacitated.
After that, the 13-year-old Osman II was elevated to the throne. Thus, the eunuch promoted the change of power, guided by state interests and not forgetting his own.
The decline of the eunuch era came at the beginning of the 19th century, along with the fashion for everything European. Sultan Mahmud II organized a special ministry managing the Waqfs and the eunuchs lost their financial independence and the lion's share of power. From now on, kizlyar-aga ruled only the territory of the palace and the path to politics for people with this position was closed.
In 1871, the slave trade was banned in the Ottoman Empire and there were no eunuchs. Of their own free will, no one wanted to become a castrate — a new era had come in which affairs were handled not by money and connections of the harem, but by clever politicians and skillful diplomats.
There were castrati and in Russia, but unlike In the East, our men castrated themselves exclusively for religious purposes, falling under the influence of the sect of the Eunuchs. Interestingly, their influence in society was also very great.
Keywords: Military | East | Harem | Egypt | Empire | Castration | Sultan | Officials